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Steel mill with two arc furnaces. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap.Steel is made from iron and carbon. On its own, iron is not strong, but a low concentration of carbon – less than 1 percent, depending on the kind of steel – gives steel strength and other important properties.
Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
Integrated steel mill in the Netherlands.The two large towers are blast furnaces.. A steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant for the manufacture of steel.It may be an integrated steel works carrying out all steps of steelmaking from smelting iron ore to rolled product, but may also be a plant where steel semi-finished casting products are made from molten pig iron or from scrap.
The modern steel industry is one of the largest manufacturing industries in the world, but also one of the most energy and greenhouse gas emission intense industries, contributing 8% of global emissions. [2] However, steel is also very reusable: it is one of the world's most-recycled materials, with a recycling rate of over 60% globally. [3]
And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline of the American Steel Industry (1988) excerpt and text search; Hogan, William T. Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States (5 vol 1971) monumental detail; Ingham, John N. The Iron Barons: A Social Analysis of an American Urban Elite, 1874-1965 (1978) Krass, Peter. Carnegie (2002).
The manufacturing process, called the cementation process, consisted of heating bars of wrought iron together with charcoal for periods of up to a week in a long stone box. This produced blister steel. The blister steel was put in a crucible with wrought iron and melted, producing crucible steel.
Global steel production grew enormously in the 20th century from a mere 28 million tonnes at the beginning of the century to 781 million tons at the end. [4] Per-capita steel consumption in the US peaked in 1977, then fell by half before staging a modest recovery to levels well below the peak.
Captioned "Steel", caricature of Bessemer by Leslie Ward in Vanity Fair, 6 November 1880 Bessemer was a prolific inventor and held at least 129 patents, spanning from 1838 to 1883. These included military ordnance, movable dies for embossed postage stamps, a screw extruder to extract sugar from sugar cane, and others in the fields of iron ...