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  2. Regression toward the mean - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean

    Galton's experimental setup "Standard eugenics scheme of descent" – early application of Galton's insight [1]. In statistics, regression toward the mean (also called regression to the mean, reversion to the mean, and reversion to mediocrity) is the phenomenon where if one sample of a random variable is extreme, the next sampling of the same random variable is likely to be closer to its mean.

  3. Linear least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_least_squares

    Optimal instruments regression is an extension of classical IV regression to the situation where E[ε i | z i] = 0. Total least squares (TLS) [6] is an approach to least squares estimation of the linear regression model that treats the covariates and response variable in a more geometrically symmetric manner than OLS. It is one approach to ...

  4. Dependent and independent variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent...

    In mathematics, a function is a rule for taking an input (in the simplest case, a number or set of numbers) [5] and providing an output (which may also be a number). [5] A symbol that stands for an arbitrary input is called an independent variable, while a symbol that stands for an arbitrary output is called a dependent variable. [6]

  5. Regression analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_analysis

    In the more general multiple regression model, there are independent variables: = + + + +, where is the -th observation on the -th independent variable.If the first independent variable takes the value 1 for all , =, then is called the regression intercept.

  6. Multilevel model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilevel_model

    A multilevel model, however, would allow for different regression coefficients for each predictor in each location. Essentially, it would assume that people in a given location have correlated incomes generated by a single set of regression coefficients, whereas people in another location have incomes generated by a different set of coefficients.

  7. Uncorrelatedness (probability theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncorrelatedness...

    In probability theory and statistics, two real-valued random variables, , , are said to be uncorrelated if their covariance, ⁡ [,] = ⁡ [] ⁡ [] ⁡ [], is zero.If two variables are uncorrelated, there is no linear relationship between them.

  8. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    The phrase "correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a cause-and-effect relationship between two events or variables solely on the basis of an observed association or correlation between them.

  9. Non-linear least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_least_squares

    Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters (m ≥ n).It is used in some forms of nonlinear regression.