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In linguistics, focus (abbreviated FOC) is a grammatical category that conveys which part of the sentence contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information. In the English sentence "Mary only insulted BILL", focus is expressed prosodically by a pitch accent on "Bill" which identifies him as the only person whom Mary insulted.
In an ordinary English clause, the subject is normally the same as the topic/theme (example 1), even in the passive voice (where the subject is a patient, not an agent: example 2): The dog bit the little girl. The little girl was bitten by the dog. These clauses have different topics: the first is about the dog, and the second about the little ...
The focus is on X, or else on the subordinate clause or some element of it. For example: It's Joey (whom) we're looking for. It's money that I love. It was from John that she heard the news. Furthermore, one might also describe a cleft sentence as inverted. That is to say, it has its dependent clause in front of the main clause.
Focus is a grammatical category or attribute that determines indicating that part of an utterance contributes new, non-derivable, or contrastive information. [8] Some theories (in line with work by Mats Rooth) link focus to the presence of alternatives (see Focus (linguistics) § Alternative semantics). [9]
The first two examples, which use topicalized adjuncts, are typical, but the last two examples with topicalized object arguments are comparatively rare. The appearance of the demonstrative determiners that and those is important since without them, topicalization of an argument seems less acceptable: A pizza I won't eat, for example.
The grammar model discussed in Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures (1957) Chomsky's transformational grammar has three parts: phrase structure rules, transformational rules and morphophonemic rules. [68] The phrase structure rules are used for expanding lexical categories and for substitutions. These yield a string of morphemes. A ...
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