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The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. The social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. [1]
The total number of deaths directly attributable to the Middle Passage voyage is estimated at up to two million; a broader look at African deaths directly attributable to the institution of slavery from 1500 to 1900 suggests up to four million deaths. [10] The "Middle Passage" was considered a time of in-betweenness where captive Africans ...
Charles Ignatius Sancho was born on a slave ship crossing the Atlantic Ocean, in what was known as the Middle Passage. His mother died not long after arriving in the Spanish colony of New Granada, which formed parts of modern-day Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. [6] [7] [8] He was baptised and named by the Catholic bishop of the colony ...
About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. Manning estimates that 4 million died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young.
Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz (died 644), Persian craftsman and captive who killed the second Islamic caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644). Addas (Arabic: عَدَّاس) an enslaved Christian boy who lived in Taif during the time of Muhammad, who was supposedly the first person from the western province of Taif to convert to Islam. [2] [3]
During times of conquest and after winning battles, the ancient Nubians were taken as slaves by the ancient Egyptians. [16] The Garamantes relied heavily on slave labor from sub-Saharan Africa. [17] They used slaves in their own communities to construct and maintain underground irrigation systems known to Berbers as foggara. [18]
Slavery began to be replaced by a feudal-style tenant farmer economy wherein free men tied to the land worked farms for a lord reducing the need for slaves [170] [168] The Norwegian law code from 1274, Landslov (Land’s law), does not mention slaves, but former slaves. Thus it seems that slavery was abolished in Norway by this time.
As Dr. John Callow at University of Suffolk notes, the experience of enslavement by the Barbary pirates preceded the Atlantic slave trade and "the memory of slavery, and the methodology of slaving, that was burned into the British consciousness was first and foremost rooted in a North African context, where Britons were more likely to be slaves ...