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According to Shank, "negative unintended consequences occur either concurrently with the war or develop as residual effects afterwards thereby impeding the economy over the longer term". [17] In 2012 the economic impact of war and violence was estimated to be eleven percent of gross world product (GWP) or 9.46 trillion dollars. [ 18 ]
Positive/negative aims: "Positive war aims" cover tangible outcomes. "Negative war aims" forestall or prevent undesired outcomes. [32] War aims can change in the course of conflict and may eventually morph into "peace conditions" [33] – the minimal conditions under which a state may cease to wage a particular war.
War Slang: American Fighting Words & Phrases Since the Civil War. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486797168. Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6. Jacobson, Gary (August 14, 1994). "Humor best way to remove last of 'Bohicans' resistance". The Dallas Morning News. p. 7H
In 1999, "collateral damage" (German: Kollateralschaden) was named the German Un-Word of the Year by a jury of linguistic scholars. With this choice, it was criticized that the term had been used by NATO forces to describe civilian casualties during the Kosovo War, which the jury considered to be an inhuman euphemism. [17]
Jimmy Carter's application of "war" as metaphor for the energy crisis of 1974 [clarification needed] described in Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson describe "War on Poverty", [1] an unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States president Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on 8 ...
At the time, violence in the country was at its lowest since the start of the Iraq War in 2003. The United States even had plans to withdraw its troops. Four years have passed, and while massacres in Iraq have diminished in frequency, they have persisted — even as many Americans believed sectarian violence had been suppressed.
Research in 2014 led by Elena Semino, a professor of linguistics at Lancaster University, alongside palliative care specialists, based on 1.5 million words of discussion, led Semino to say, "We have enough evidence to suggest that battle metaphors are sufficiently negative for enough people that they shouldn't be imposed on anyone". The study ...
Since technology and doctrine have changed over time, not all of them are in current use, or they may have been superseded by more modern terms. However, they are still in current use in articles about previous military periods. Some of them like camouflet have been adapted to describe modern versions of old techniques.