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Although less common than ICD, ACD is accepted to be the most prevalent form of immunotoxicity found in humans. [1] By its allergic nature, this form of contact dermatitis is a hypersensitive reaction that is atypical within the population. The mechanisms by which these reactions occur are complex, with many levels of fine control.
Serum sickness in humans is a reaction to proteins in antiserum derived from a non-human animal source, occurring 5–10 days after exposure. Symptoms often include a rash, joint pain, fever, and lymphadenopathy. It is a type of hypersensitivity, specifically immune complex hypersensitivity .
The patch tests were based on the concept of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction where there is exposure of allergens to skin and checking for the development of contact dermatitis in that area. This test involves the application of suspected irritant to a part of the skin and cover it with impermeable material and attached to the skin with the ...
Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (CSVV) is inflammation of small blood vessels, usually accompanied by small lumps beneath the skin. [1]: 831 [2] The condition is also known as hypersensitivity vasculitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, hypersensitivity angiitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis, cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis and cutaneous necrotizing venulitis, [3]
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is an abnormal physiological condition in which there is an undesirable and adverse immune response to an antigen. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is an abnormality in the immune system that causes immune diseases including allergies and autoimmunity .
The oxidized porphyrins initiate degranulation of dermal mast cells, [19] which release proteases that catabolize the surrounding proteins. [20] This begins a cell-mediated positive feedback loop which matches the description of a type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
The diagnosis of Stevens–Johnson syndrome is based on involvement of less than 10% of the skin. [2] It is known as TEN when more than 30% of the skin is involved and considered an intermediate form when 10–30% is involved. [3] SJS/TEN reactions are believed to follow a type IV hypersensitivity mechanism. [7]
In immunology, the Arthus reaction (/ ˌ ɑːr ˈ tj uː s /) is a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction. Type III hypersensitivity reactions are immune complex -mediated, and involve the deposition of antigen / antibody complexes mainly in the vascular walls, serosa ( pleura , pericardium , synovium ), and glomeruli .