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Circassians is a broad ethnonym of the Turkic origin, which in Russia, Turkey and Persia used to be, and in the case of Turkey is now, applied to peoples of different ethnicities living on the North Eastern and Eastern shores of the Black Sea, and in the Northern Caucasus.
The largest of the Turkic-speaking peoples in the Caucasus are Azerbaijanis who number 8,700,000 in the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the Caucasus region, they live in Georgia, Russia , Turkey and previously in Armenia (before 1990). The total number of Azerbaijanis is around 35 million (15 million in Iran).
The Caucasus (/ ˈ k ɔː k ə s ə s /) or Caucasia [3] [4] (/ k ɔː ˈ k eɪ ʒ ə /), is a region spanning Eastern Europe and Western Asia.It is situated between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
According to Balkar historian, ethnographer and archaeologist Ismail Miziev who was a specialist in the field of North Caucasian studies, the theories on the origins of the Karachays and the neighboring Balkars is among "one of the most difficult problems in Caucasian studies," [6] due to the fact that they are "a Turk-speaking people occupying the most Alpine regions of Central Caucasus ...
In the Caucasus, the Qajar dynasty permanently lost many of Iran's integral areas [245] to the Russians over the course of the 19th century, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Azerbaijan and Armenia. [246] The dynasty was founded by Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and continued until Ahmad Shah Qajar.
Another study in 2021, which looked at whole-genomes and whole-exomes of 3,362 unrelated Turkish samples, resulted in establishing the first Turkish variome and found extensive admixture between South East Europeans, people from the Caucasus, Middle Eastern people, and other European populations in line with history of Turkey. [378]
In Turkey, the term Laz is a 'folk' definition and exonym for anyone originating in the eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. Sometimes, the term is extended to the western portion of the coast as well. Therefore, this term is often used mostly for ethnic Pontic Greeks , Turks , Hemshins in addition to Laz in Turkey.
Between 6 March and 21 May 1864, the entire Ubykh nation had departed the Caucasus for Turkey, leading to the extinction of the Ubykh language in 1992. By the end of the movement, more than 400,000 Circassians, as well as 200,000 Abkhazians and Ajars , fled to Turkey.