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Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning ' in the same place ', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to idem, literally meaning ' the same ', abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal ...
Id. is masculine and neuter; ead. (feminine) is the abbreviation for eadem, which also translates to "the same". As an abbreviation, Id. always takes a period (or full stop) in both British and American usage (see usage of the full stop in abbreviations). Its first known use dates back to the 14th century. [2
The abbreviation is used in citations. Not to be confused with id. id. idem "the same" (man) [1] It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form, ead. , "the same" (woman). i.a. inter alia "among other things"
Secondary sources cited in multiple footnotes should be included in the "References" section and referred to in short-form in individual footnotes. Id. should also not be used to refer to material in the previous footnote because the addition of new sources quickly renders such footnotes inaccurate. Id. may be used in rare instances in which ...
The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]). A less common approach is to attach a {{rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the "page" with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:
Full citations are collected in footnotes or endnotes, or in alphabetical order by author's last name, under a "references", "bibliography", or "works cited" heading at the end of the text. This style of citation was a type of referencing used on Wikipedia until September 2020, when a community discussion reached a consensus to deprecate this ...
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Portions of text, footnotes, and groups of authorities within the piece are cited with supra or infra. Supra refers to material already in the piece, and infra to material appearing later in the piece. "Note" and "Part" refer to footnotes and parts (when parts are specifically designed) in the same piece; "p."