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Toughness as defined by the area under the stress–strain curve. Materials that are both strong and ductile are classified as tough. Toughness is a material property defined as the area under the stress-strain curve. Toughness can be determined by integrating the stress-strain curve. [3]
Stress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics , stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other ...
In mechanics, strain is defined as relative deformation, compared to a reference position configuration. Different equivalent choices may be made for the expression of a strain field depending on whether it is defined with respect to the initial or the final configuration of the body and on whether the metric tensor or its dual is considered.
The Ramberg–Osgood equation was created to describe the nonlinear relationship between stress and strain—that is, the stress–strain curve—in materials near their yield points. It is especially applicable to metals that harden with plastic deformation (see work hardening ), showing a smooth elastic-plastic transition.
This is not true since the actual area will decrease while deforming due to elastic and plastic deformation. The curve based on the original cross-section and gauge length is called the engineering stress–strain curve, while the curve based on the instantaneous cross-section area and length is called the true stress–strain curve. Unless ...
The strain can be decomposed into a recoverable elastic strain (ε e) and an inelastic strain (ε p). The stress at initial yield is σ 0 . Work hardening , also known as strain hardening , is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation.
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Δεt /2 is the total strain amplitude; Δε p /2 is the plastic strain amplitude; Δε e /2 is the elastic strain amplitude; 2N is the number of reversals to failure (N cycles); ε f ' is an empirical constant known as the fatigue ductility coefficient defined by the strain intercept at 2N =1;