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Rhizopus microsporus causes rice seedling blight and is a severe crop disease in Asia. [15] In addition, R. microsporus significantly affects sunflower yield in terms of both (oil) quality and quantity. The free fatty acid content of sunflower oil increases from 0.8% to 19.4%.
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found in a wide variety of organic substances, including "mature fruits and vegetables", [ 2 ] jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts, and tobacco.
Rhizoxin is biosynthesised by Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica, a bacterial endosymbiont of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus. [3] It is one of a large group of rhizoxin-like compounds produced by the bacteria. [4] The bacterial endosymbiont can be grown independently in culture.
Rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous heterothallic microfungus that occurs as a saprotroph in soil, dung, and rotting vegetation. This species is very similar to Rhizopus stolonifer , but it can be distinguished by its smaller sporangia and air-dispersed sporangiospores.
Most of the adverse effects stated in this list are associated with only a small percentage of cases; they should be understood as potential risks rather than as certainties. Herbs, treatments, and constituents with known or suspected adverse effects
Fungal-bacterial endosymbiosis encompasses the mutualistic relationship between a fungus and intracellular bacteria species residing within the fungus. Many examples of endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and plants, algae and insects exist and have been well characterized, however fungal-bacteria endosymbiosis has been less well described.
Mild asymptomatic cases often do not require any treatment. Those with severe symptoms may benefit from antifungal therapy, which requires 3–6 months or more of treatment depending on the response to the treatment. [32] There is a lack of prospective studies that examine optimal antifungal therapy for coccidioidomycosis. [citation needed]
Moxidectin was approved for onchocerciasis (river-blindness) in 2018 for people over the age of 11 in the United States based on two studies. [5] There is a need for additional trials, with long-term follow-up, to assess whether moxidectin is safe and effective for treatment of nematode infection in children and women of childbearing potential. [6]