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The rational root theorem is a special case (for a single linear factor) of Gauss's lemma on the factorization of polynomials. The integral root theorem is the special case of the rational root theorem when the leading coefficient is a n = 1.
The complex conjugate root theorem states that if the coefficients of a polynomial are real, then the non-real roots appear in pairs of the form (a + ib, a – ib).. It follows that the roots of a polynomial with real coefficients are mirror-symmetric with respect to the real axis.
An illustration of Newton's method. In numerical analysis, the Newton–Raphson method, also known simply as Newton's method, named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a root-finding algorithm which produces successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function.
The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...
Finding one root; Finding all roots; Finding roots in a specific region of the complex plane, typically the real roots or the real roots in a given interval (for example, when roots represents a physical quantity, only the real positive ones are interesting). For finding one root, Newton's method and other general iterative methods work ...
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
More generally, one can also consider integrands that have a known power-law singularity at x=0, for some real number >, leading to integrals of the form: + (). In this case, the weights are given [2] in terms of the generalized Laguerre polynomials:
The Weierstrass factorization theorem asserts that any entire function can be represented by a product involving its zeroes (or "roots"). The entire functions on the complex plane form an integral domain (in fact a Prüfer domain). They also form a commutative unital associative algebra over the complex numbers.