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In scientific research, an experimental system is the physical, technical and procedural basis for an experiment or series of experiments. Historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger defines an experimental system as: "A basic unit of experimental activity combining local, technical, instrumental, institutional, social, and epistemic aspects."
On a retributive justice framework, an additional cost R should be imposed to the transgressor that is proportional to the harm done (or intended to be done). Specifically, R = r ⋅ H {\displaystyle R=r\cdot H} , where r is the degree of responsibility the infractor has and 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq r\leq 1} .
Experiments by Moussaid et al. evaluated the spread of risk perception, and documented inflection at approximately three degrees. [42] Another set of experiments documented the impact of information distortion, noting that "despite strong social influence within pairs of individuals, the reach of judgment propagation across a chain rarely ...
Retributive justice is a legal concept whereby the criminal offender receives punishment proportional or similar to the crime.As opposed to revenge, retribution—and thus retributive justice—is not personal, is directed only at wrongdoing, has inherent limits, involves no pleasure at the suffering of others (i.e., schadenfreude, sadism), and employs procedural standards.
Penology is a subfield of criminology that deals with the philosophy and practice [1] [2] of various societies in their attempts to repress criminal activities, and satisfy public opinion via an appropriate treatment regime for persons convicted of criminal offences.
In biological research, experiments or tests are often used to study predicted causal relationships between two phenomena. [1] These causal relationships may be described in terms of the logical concepts of necessity and sufficiency. Consider the statement that a phenomenon x causes a phenomenon y.
Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems.Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole.
The experiment depends on a particular social approach where the main source of information is the participants' point of view and knowledge. To carry out a social experiment, specialists usually split participants into two groups — active participants (people who take action in particular events) and respondents (people who react to the action).