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The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
Readers are assisted by the provision in the table of direct links to the breast cancer chapters of these various editions. As a result, a given stage may have quite a different prognosis depending on which staging edition is used, independent of any changes in diagnostic methods or treatments, an effect that can contribute to "stage migration ...
Grading in cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread. Pathology grading systems classify the microscopic cell appearance abnormality and deviations in their rate of growth with the goal of predicting developments at tissue level (see also the 4 major histological changes in dysplasia).
For example estrogen level, progesterone and HER2 are markers specific to breast cancer patients. There is evidence showing that genes behaving as tumor suppressors or carcinogens could act as prognostic markers due to altered gene expression or mutation .
MammaPrint has been prospectively, clinically validated for use in early stage (I and II) breast cancer patients regardless of estrogen receptor (ER) or Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) status, with a tumor size ≤ 5.0 cm, and 0-3 positive lymph nodes (LN0-1), with no special specifications for N1mi pathology.
Cancer.gov – overview, includes link to Excel spreadsheet with codes at National Cancer Institute; Overview at National Cancer Institute; Word document – malignancies only at National Cancer Institute; Overview at University hospital Gießen und Marburg; Download table German version Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine at DIMDI ...
2. Hoppin’ John. Southerners are usually eating Hoppin’ John (a simmery mix of black-eyed peas and rice) on New Year's Day. Like most “vegetable” recipes from around this area, it contains ...
The Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) is a quality assurance tool originally designed for use with mammography.The system is a collaborative effort of many health groups but is published and trademarked by the American College of Radiology (ACR).