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  2. Application-level gateway - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-level_gateway

    An ALG is very similar to a proxy server, as it sits between the client and real server, facilitating the exchange. There seems to be an industry convention that an ALG does its job without the application being configured to use it, by intercepting the messages. A proxy, on the other hand, usually needs to be configured in the client application.

  3. NAT traversal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT_traversal

    Various NAT traversal techniques have been developed: NAT Port Mapping Protocol (NAT-PMP) is a protocol introduced by Apple as an alternative to IGDP. Port Control Protocol (PCP) is a successor of NAT-PMP. UPnP Internet Gateway Device Protocol (UPnP IGD) is supported by many small NAT gateways in home or small office settings. It allows a ...

  4. Network address translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation

    Network address translation between a private network and the Internet. Network address translation (NAT) is a method of mapping an IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. [1]

  5. NAT64 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT64

    NAT64 is an IPv6 transition mechanism that facilitates communication between IPv6 and IPv4 hosts by using a form of network address translation (NAT). The NAT64 gateway is a translator between IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, [1] for which function it needs at least one IPv4 address and an IPv6 network segment comprising a 32-bit address space.

  6. Port forwarding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding

    Port forwarding via NAT router. In computer networking, port forwarding or port mapping is an application of network address translation (NAT) that redirects a communication request from one address and port number combination to another while the packets are traversing a network gateway, such as a router or firewall.

  7. Internet protocol suite - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite

    The application layer is the scope within which applications, or processes, create user data and communicate this data to other applications on another or the same host. The applications make use of the services provided by the underlying lower layers, especially the transport layer which provides reliable or unreliable pipes to other processes.

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    mail.aol.com

    Get AOL Mail for FREE! Manage your email like never before with travel, photo & document views. Personalize your inbox with themes & tabs. You've Got Mail!

  9. File Transfer Protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol

    One is that the FTP client and FTP server use the PASV command, which causes the data connection to be established from the FTP client to the server. [14] This is widely used by modern FTP clients. Another approach is for the NAT to alter the values of the PORT command, using an application-level gateway for this purpose. [14]