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Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction , thus causing flaccid paralysis . [ 25 ]
BAT is the only FDA-approved product available for treating botulism in adults, and for botulism in infants caused by botulinum toxins other than types A and B. BAT has been used to treat a case of type F infant botulism and, on a case-by-case basis, may be used for future cases of non-type A and non-type B infant botulism.
List Labs was founded in 1978 [3] by Linda Shoer, and is headquartered in Campbell, California. [4] Starting with cholera, the firm developed bacterial proteins for research. When the firm was founded, and for many years after, it was the only manufacturer and supplier for several bacterial exotoxins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). [5]
Allergan plc is an American, Irish-domiciled pharmaceutical company that acquires, develops, manufactures and markets brand name drugs and medical devices in the areas of medical aesthetics, eye care, central nervous system, and gastroenterology. [1] [2] [3] The company is the maker of Botox. [1]
This generally only occurs with inappropriate strengths of botulinum toxin for cosmetic use or due to the larger doses used to treat movement disorders. [2] However, there are cases where an off-label use of botulinum toxin resulted in severe botulism and death. [25] Following a 2008 review the FDA added these concerns as a boxed warning. [26]
The origins of Galderma date back to 1961 and the founding of the Owen dermatology company in Dallas, Texas, USA by M. Owen. [5]. In 1979, Hans Schaefer founded the International Center for Dermatological Research (CIRD) in Sophia Antipolis, with the support of the CEO of L'Oréal, François Dalle, who wanted to diversify his cosmetic research into the drug sector.
Along with some strains of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium baratii, these bacteria all produce the toxin. [2] Botulinum toxin can cause botulism, a severe flaccid paralytic disease in humans and other animals, [3] and is the most potent toxin known to science, natural or synthetic, with a lethal dose of 1.3–2.1 ng/kg in humans. [4] [5]
Clostridioides difficile toxin A; Clostridioides difficile toxin B; Clostridium botulinum C3 toxin; Clostridium enterotoxin; Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin; Clostridium perfringens beta toxin; Colibactin; Coronatine; Cry1Ac; Cry6Aa; Cry34Ab1; Cryptophycin; Cytotoxin K