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Family history of glaucoma: FMH: Family medical history FOH: Family ocular history F/U: Follow up appointment GH: General health G(M)P: General (medical) practitioner HA: Headaches HARC: Harmonious abnormal retinal correspondence HM: Hand motion vision – state distance Hx: History IOL: Intra-ocular lens IOP: Intra-ocular pressure ISNT ...
Over many years, glaucoma has been defined by an intraocular pressure of more than 20 mm Hg. Incompatible with this (now obsolete) definition of glaucoma was the ever larger number of cases that have been reported in medical literature in the 1980s and 1990s who had the typical signs of glaucomatous damage, like optic nerve head excavation and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, while ...
Conversely, optic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure, known as normal-tension glaucoma. [27] In case of above-normal intraocular pressure, the mechanism of open-angle glaucoma is believed to be the impeded exit of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, while in closed-angle glaucoma, the iris blocks the trabecular meshwork. [ 2 ]
The diurnal variation for normal eyes is between 3 and 6 mmHg and the variation may increase in glaucomatous eyes. During the night, intraocular pressure may not decrease [17] despite the slower production of aqueous humour. [18] Glaucoma patients' 24-hour IOP profiles may differ from those of healthy individuals. [19]
The Maklakoff tonometer was an early example of this method, while the Goldmann tonometer is the most widely used version in current practice. [3] Because the probe makes contact with the cornea, a topical anesthetic , such as proxymetacaine , is introduced on to the surface of the eye in the form of an eye drop .
ONH is the single leading cause of permanent legal blindness in children in the western world. [12] The incidence of ONH is increasing, although it is difficult to estimate the true prevalence. Between 1980 and 1999, the occurrences of ONH in Sweden increased four-fold to 7.2 per 100,000, while all other causes of childhood blindness had declined.
[3] [20] The result of either 'Outside Normal Limits' (significant difference in superior and inferior fields), 'Borderline' (suspicious differences) or 'Within Normal Limits' (no differences) is only considered when the patient has, or is a suspect for, glaucoma. [20] This is only available in 30-2 and 24-2 analyser protocol. [3]
The normal cup-to-disc ratio is less than 0.5. A large cup-to-disc ratio may imply glaucoma or other pathology. [3] However, cupping by itself is not indicative of glaucoma. Rather, it is an increase in cupping as the patient ages that is an indicator for glaucoma. Deep but stable cupping can occur due to hereditary factors without glaucoma.
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