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Human chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein composed of 237 amino acids with a molecular mass of 36.7 kDa, approximately 14.5kDa αhCG and 22.2kDa βhCG. [4]It is heterodimeric, with an α (alpha) subunit identical to that of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and a β (beta) subunit that is unique to hCG.
Identified in the early 20th century, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone that rises quickly in the first few weeks of pregnancy, typically reaching a peak at 8- to 10-weeks gestational age. [4] [5] hCG is produced by what will become the placenta.
Hormones during pregnancy are the result of an intricate interaction between hormones generated by different glands and organs.The primary hormones involved comprise human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, estrogen, human placental lactogen (hPL), and oxytocin.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, 17β-estradiol, endorphins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) synthesis are rapidly upregulated by the developing embryo following fertilization of the ovum. [1] [2] [3] During early embryonic development, paracrine/juxtacrine signaling of hCG induces blastulation and neurulation.
Implantation is the first stage of gestation, and, when successful, the female is considered to be pregnant. [3] An implanted embryo is detected by the presence of increased levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in a pregnancy test. [3] The implanted embryo will receive oxygen and nutrients in order to grow.
Most pregnant women experience a number of symptoms, [72] which can signify pregnancy. A number of early medical signs are associated with pregnancy. [73] [74] These signs include: the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the blood and urine; missed menstrual period
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. [5] This hormone stimulates the Corpus Luteum to produce progesterone to maintain pregnancy. [5] Therefore, hCG plays a role in human maternal recognition of pregnancy. [5]
According to a study conducted by Whitcome, et al., lumbar lordosis can increase from an angle of 32 degrees at 0% fetal mass (i.e. non-pregnant women or very early in pregnancy) to 50 degrees at 100% fetal mass (very late in pregnancy). Postpartum, the angle of the lordosis declines and can reach the angle prior to pregnancy.
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