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For an NPN open emitter output, the collector is connected to the positive voltage rail, so the emitter outputs a high voltage when the transistor is on and is hi-Z when off. For a PNP open emitter output, the collector is connected to the low voltage supply, so the emitter outputs a low voltage when the transistor is on and is hi-Z when off.
A common size for cells inside cordless tool battery packs. This size is also used in radio-controlled scale vehicle battery packs and some Soviet multimeters. 1 ⁄ 2-, 4 ⁄ 5 - and 5 ⁄ 4-sub-C sizes (differing in length) are also available. Soviet 332 type can be replaced with R10 (#4, 927, BF, U8) or 1.5 V elements from 3 V 2xLR10 packs ...
The heart of an I2L circuit is the common emitter open collector inverter. Typically, an inverter consists of an NPN transistor with the emitter connected to ground and the base biased with a forward current from the current source. The input is supplied to the base as either a current sink (low logic level) or as a high-z floating condition ...
Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here. [64]
Wired logic works by exploiting the high impedance of open collector outputs (and its variants: open emitter, open drain, or open source) by just adding a pull-up or pull-down resistor to a voltage source, or can be applied to push-pull outputs by using diode logic (with the disadvantage of incurring a diode drop voltage loss).
By 1934, the system had been revised and extended to 17 sizes ranging from NS at 7 ⁄ 16 inch diameter by 3 ⁄ 4 inch height, through size J at 1 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches diameter by 5 + 7 ⁄ 8 inches high, to the largest standard cell which retained its old designation of No. 6 and which was 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches in diameter and 6 inches high.
The transistor continuously monitors V diff and adjusts its emitter voltage to equal V in minus the mostly constant V BE (approximately one diode forward voltage drop) by passing the collector current through the emitter resistor R E. As a result, the output voltage follows the input voltage variations from V BE up to V +; hence the name ...
In the analysis of a bipolar junction transistor, for example, in a common-emitter configuration, the DC voltage at the collector, emitter, and base (with respect to ground) may be written as V C, V E, and V B respectively. Resistors associated with these transistor terminals may be designated R C, R E, and R B.