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The effect of sleep duration on somatic growth is not completely known. One study recorded growth, height, and weight, as correlated to parent-reported time in bed in 305 children over a period of nine years (age 1–10). It was found that "the variation of sleep duration among children does not seem to have an effect on growth."
Waking up earlier in the morning increases the response. [11]Shift work: nurses working on morning shifts with very early awakening (between 4:00–5:30 a.m.) had a greater and prolonged cortisol awakening response than those on the late day shift (between 6:00–9:00 a.m.) or the night shift (between 11:00 a.m.–2:00 p.m.). [12]
Some important structures directly impacted by the light–sleep relationship are the superior colliculus-pretectal area and the ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus. [ 6 ] [ 5 ] The progressive yellowing of the crystalline lens with age reduces the amount of short-wavelength light reaching the retina and may contribute to circadian alterations ...
"Adequate sleep allows the body to rest and repair itself, regulating hormones that influence blood pressure, inflammation and blood sugar levels—all of which are critically important for heart ...
Pulsatile secretion is a biochemical phenomenon observed in a wide variety of cell and tissue types, in which chemical products are secreted in a regular temporal pattern. The most common cellular products observed to be released in this manner are intercellular signaling molecules such as hormones or neurotransmitters.
Not only can hormones influence behavior, but also behavior and the environment can influence hormone concentration. [40] Thus, a feedback loop is formed, meaning behavior can affect hormone concentration, which in turn can affect behavior, which in turn can affect hormone concentration, and so on. [41]
One can see that leptin goes high during the day, then it falls off, before starting the cycle again. The line is a fitted curve to the experimental data, using polynomial expansion, in order to show the periodic behavior of the data. In chronobiology, an ultradian rhythm is a recurrent period or cycle repeated throughout a 24-hour day.
The β-AR pathway dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. It has been found that certain changes to β-AR signaling result in reduced levels of β1-AR, by up to 50%, while levels of β2-AR remain constant. Other intracellular changes include a significant, sharp increase of GαI levels, and increased βARK1 activity.