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[1] In meteorology, an inversion (or temperature inversion) is a phenomenon in which a layer of warmer air overlies cooler air. Normally, air temperature gradually decreases as altitude increases, but this relationship is reversed in an inversion. [2] An inversion traps air pollution, such as smog, near the ground.
The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase.
Cloud formation from the lower layer is "capped" by the inversion layer. Air stagnation may result from a capping inversion from diffusing from a region, increasing the concentration of pollutants and exacerbating poor air quality. [1] If the capping inversion layer or "cap" is too strong it will prevent thunderstorms from developing.
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field.
[1] [2] Lapse rate arises from the word lapse (in its "becoming less" sense, not its "interruption" sense). In dry air, the adiabatic lapse rate (i.e., decrease in temperature of a parcel of air that rises in the atmosphere without exchanging energy with surrounding air) is 9.8 °C/km (5.4 °F per 1,000 ft). The saturated adiabatic lapse rate ...
As T increases, the number of electrons in the high-energy state (N 2) increases, but N 2 never exceeds N 1 for a system at thermal equilibrium; rather, at infinite temperature, the populations N 2 and N 1 become equal. In other words, a population inversion (N 2 /N 1 > 1) can never exist for a system at thermal equilibrium. To achieve ...
A thermal optimum is either a portion of a specified geological time span in which the average temperature was above that of the average temperature for the entire specified time or the optimum range within which a biological process may take place or the ambient optimal range for a species' niche.
[1] Atmospheric ducting is a mode of propagation of electromagnetic radiation , usually in the lower layers of Earth’s atmosphere , where the waves are bent by atmospheric refraction . [ 2 ] In over-the-horizon radar , ducting causes part of the radiated and target-reflection energy of a radar system to be guided over distances far greater ...