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The probability of an outcome usually depends on an interplay between multiple associated variables. When performing epidemiological studies to evaluate one or more determinants for a specific outcome, the other determinants may act as confounding factors, and need to be controlled for, e.g. by stratification.
They are the health promoting factors found in one's living and working conditions (such as the distribution of income, wealth, influence, and power), rather than individual risk factors (such as behavioral risk factors or genetics) that influence the risk or vulnerability for a disease or injury. The distribution of social determinants is ...
Determinants as treated above admit several variants: the permanent of a matrix is defined as the determinant, except that the factors occurring in Leibniz's rule are omitted. The immanant generalizes both by introducing a character of the symmetric group S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} in Leibniz's rule.
The more specific an association between a factor and an effect is, the bigger the probability of a causal relationship. [56] Temporality: The effect has to occur after the cause (and if there is an expected delay between the cause and expected effect, then the effect must occur after that delay). [56]
Structural determinants include societal divisions between social, economic, and political contexts, and lead to differences in power, status, and privilege within society. Proximal determinants are immediate factors present in daily life such as family and household relationships, peer and work relationships, and educational environments. [7]
Race is thus partly a surrogate for environmental factors such as differences in socioeconomic status that are known to affect health. It is also an imperfect surrogate for ancestral geographic regions and differences in gene frequencies between different ancestral populations and thus differences in genes that can affect health.
The second distinction is between typical and maximum performance. Sackett, Zedeck, and Fogli [10] did a study on supermarket cashiers and found that there was a substantial difference between scores reflecting their typical performance and scores reflecting their maximum performance. This study suggested the distinction between typical and ...
An economic variable can be exogenous in some models and endogenous in others. In particular this can happen when one model also serves as a component of a broader model.