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A tax treaty, also called double tax agreement (DTA) or double tax avoidance agreement (DTAA), is an agreement between two countries to avoid or mitigate double taxation. Such treaties may cover a range of taxes including income taxes , inheritance taxes , value added taxes , or other taxes. [ 1 ]
Example of double taxation avoidance agreement benefit: Suppose interest on NRI [clarification needed] bank deposits attracts 30 per cent tax deduction at source in India. Since India has signed double taxation avoidance agreements with several countries, tax may be deducted at only 10 to 15 per cent instead of 30%.
Dividend imputation was introduced in 1987, one of a number of tax reforms by the Hawke–Keating Labor Government. Prior to that a company would pay company tax on its profits and if it then paid a dividend, that dividend was taxed again as income for the shareholder, i.e. a part owner of the company, a form of double taxation.
For example, US tax law requires individuals to reduce the foreign income tax by the ratio of the rate differential on dividends (39.6% less 20%) to the maximum individual tax rate (39.6%). [59] Some countries have at times allowed shareholders a credit against the shareholder's tax for taxes paid by the corporations. [ 60 ]
In the beginning of income tax history, dividends paid to shareholders were exempt from taxation, as such tax was considered a form or double taxation on money earned by companies and subject to corporate tax. Currently, in most jurisdictions, dividends from corporations are treated as a type of income and taxed accordingly at the individual level.
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For companies with a turnover of less than €10 million, profits up to €38,120 are taxed at a reduced rate of 15%. There are also additional taxes on top of the standard corporate income tax, such as a 3.3% social contribution tax for companies with a turnover of at least €7.63 million and a corporate tax liability over a certain threshold.