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  2. Balance puzzle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_puzzle

    1) Subdivide the coins in to 2 groups of 4 coins and a third group with the remaining 5 coins. 2) Test 1, Test the 2 groups of 4 coins against each other: a. If the coins balance, the odd coin is in the population of 5 and proceed to test 2a. b. The odd coin is among the population of 8 coins, proceed in the same way as in the 12 coins problem.

  3. Fair coin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_coin

    A fair coin, when tossed, should have an equal chance of landing either side up. In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin.

  4. Matching pennies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matching_pennies

    If one penny is heads and the other tails, Odd wins and keeps both coins. Matching pennies is a non-cooperative game studied in game theory. It is played between two players, Even and Odd. Each player has a penny and must secretly turn the penny to heads or tails. The players then reveal their choices simultaneously.

  5. Two-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-up

    Odds or "One Them" One coin lands with the "head" side up, and the other lands with the "tails" side up. (Probability 50%) Odding Out To spin five "odds" in a row. (Probability 3.125%) Come in, Spinner The call given by the boxer when all bets are placed and the coins are now ready to be tossed. "Barred"

  6. Law of large numbers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers

    For example, a fair coin toss is a Bernoulli trial. When a fair coin is flipped once, the theoretical probability that the outcome will be heads is equal to 1 ⁄ 2. Therefore, according to the law of large numbers, the proportion of heads in a "large" number of coin flips "should be" roughly 1 ⁄ 2.

  7. Solved game - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solved_game

    A solved game is a game whose outcome (win, lose or draw) can be correctly predicted from any position, assuming that both players play perfectly.This concept is usually applied to abstract strategy games, and especially to games with full information and no element of chance; solving such a game may use combinatorial game theory or computer assistance.

  8. Coin problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_problem

    With only 2 pence and 5 pence coins, one cannot make 3 pence, but one can make any higher integer amount. Frobenius coin problem with 2-pence and 5-pence coins visualised as graphs: Sloping lines denote graphs of 2 x +5 y = n where n is the total in pence, and x and y are the non-negative number of 2p and 5p coins, respectively.

  9. Bertrand's box paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_box_paradox

    The two remaining possibilities are equally likely. So the probability that the box is GG, and the other coin is also gold, is ⁠1/2⁠. The reasoning for the 2/3 is as follows: Originally, all six coins were equally likely to be chosen. The chosen coin cannot be from drawer S of box GS, or from either drawer of box SS.