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This article describes experimental procedures for determining whether a coin is fair or unfair. There are many statistical methods for analyzing such an experimental procedure. This article illustrates two of them. Both methods prescribe an experiment (or trial) in which the coin is tossed many times and the result of each toss is recorded.
If a fair coin is flipped 21 times, the probability of 21 heads is 1 in 2,097,152. The probability of flipping a head after having already flipped 20 heads in a row is 1 / 2 . Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21; The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.5 20 × 0.5 = 0.5 21
One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. In theoretical studies, the assumption that a coin is fair is often made by referring to an ideal coin . John Edmund Kerrich performed experiments in coin flipping and found that a coin made from a wooden disk about the size of a crown and coated on one side with lead ...
This table represents the mintage figures of circulating coins produced by the United States Mint since 1887. This list does not include formerly-circulating gold coins, commemorative coins, or bullion coins. This list also does not include the three-cent nickel, which was largely winding down production by 1887 and has no modern equivalent.
The most valuable blank coin listed on the U.S. Coins Guide site is a 90% silver dollar without a raised rim valued at $1,600 or more. The same type of silver dollar with a raised rim is valued at ...
For example, in detecting a dissimilar coin in three weighings ( = ), the maximum number of coins that can be analyzed is = .Note that with weighings and coins, it is not always possible to determine the nature of the last coin (whether it is heavier or lighter than the rest), but only that the other coins are all the same, implying that the last coin is the ...
In 2022 Caritas collected 1.4 million euros ($1.52 million) from the fountain and it expects to have gathered even more in 2023. Rome is one of the world's most visited cities with 21 million ...
A simple example is the tossing of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the coin is fair, the two outcomes ("heads" and "tails") are both equally probable; the probability of "heads" equals the probability of "tails"; and since no other outcomes are possible, the probability of either "heads" or "tails" is 1/2 (which could also be written as 0.5 or 50%).