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Limescale is a hard, chalky deposit, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). It often builds up inside kettles , boilers , and pipework, especially that for hot water. It is also often found as a similar deposit on the inner surfaces of old pipes and other surfaces where hard water has flowed.
In the lime industry, limestone is a general term for rocks that contain 80% or more of calcium or magnesium carbonate, including marble, chalk, oolite, and marl.Further classification is done by composition as high calcium, argillaceous (clayey), silicious, conglomerate, magnesian, dolomite, and other limestones. [5]
Precipitation fouling is a very common problem in boilers and heat exchangers operating with hard water and often results in limescale. Through changes in temperature, or solvent evaporation or degasification , the concentration of salts may exceed the saturation , leading to a precipitation of solids (usually crystals).
Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in agricultural lime and is produced when calcium ions in hard water react with carbonate ions to form limescale. It has medical use as a calcium supplement or as an antacid , but excessive consumption can be hazardous and cause hypercalcemia and digestive issues.
Limescale buildup in a PVC pipe. The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety of problems. [1] Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. [2]
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Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
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