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Limescale is a hard, chalky deposit, consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3). It often builds up inside kettles , boilers , and pipework, especially that for hot water. It is also often found as a similar deposit on the inner surfaces of old pipes and other surfaces where hard water has flowed.
Limescale buildup inside a pipe reduces liquid flow through the pipe and reduces thermal conduction from the liquid to the outer pipe shell. Both effects will reduce the pipe's overall thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger. Extreme boiler pipe scale buildup Temperature dependence of the solubility of calcium sulfate (3 phases) in ...
Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
Limescale buildup in a PVC pipe. The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety of problems. [1] Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic corrosion. [2]
Some of these sections still have the sealing plaster from the aqueduct intact. Thus all of the above-ground sections, and a good part of the underground construction as well, were dismantled and reused in medieval construction. Particularly desirable as a building material were the limestone-like limescale accretions from the inside of the ...
Water from the 412-billion-US-gallon (1.56 × 10 9 m 3) capacity Quabbin Reservoir flows through the Quabbin Aqueduct from the northeast side of the Quabbin, up a slope to the Ware River Diversion in South Barre, Massachusetts, down again to the Wachusett Reservoir, and then through a power station near the Oakdale section of West Boylston, Massachusetts.
Uneven pipeline surfaces and production equipment such as pumps and valves cause rapid scale growth to levels that can block pipelines. [4] The scaling-tendency of an oil-well can be predicted based on the prevailing conditions such as pH, temperature, pressure, ionic strength and the mole fraction of CO 2 in the vapor and aqueous phases. [9]
Before 2007 it was questioned whether the Roman aqueduct at Lincoln had ever worked as there was no evidence of limescale in any of the lengths of pipe that had been uncovered. Construction on a housing estate close to Nettleham showed that there was limescale , indicating that the aqueduct had been in use. [19]