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override - Specifies that a method or property declaration is an override of a virtual member or an implementation of a member of an abstract class. readonly - Declares a field that can only be assigned values as part of the declaration or in a constructor in the same class. unsafe - Specifies an unsafe context, which allows the use of pointers.
In C#, class methods, indexers, properties and events can all be overridden. Non-virtual or static methods cannot be overridden. The overridden base method must be virtual, abstract, or override. In addition to the modifiers that are used for method overriding, C# allows the hiding of an inherited property or method.
For instance, in C#, the base method or property can only be overridden in a subclass if it is marked with the virtual, abstract, or override modifier, while in programming languages such as Java, different methods can be called to override other methods. [15] An alternative to overriding is hiding the inherited code.
A class can only inherit from a single class, but can mix-in as many traits as desired. Scala resolves method names using a right-first depth-first search of extended 'traits', before eliminating all but the last occurrence of each module in the resulting list. So, the resolution order is: [D, C, A, B, A], which reduces down to [D, C, B, A].
Many compilers place the virtual table pointer as the last member of the object; other compilers place it as the first; portable source code works either way. [3] For example, g++ previously placed the pointer at the end of the object.
Due to the C++ language not having a dedicated keyword to declare interfaces, the following C++ example uses inheritance from a pure abstract base class. For most purposes, this is functionally equivalent to the interfaces provided in other languages, such as Java [4]: 87 and C#. [5]: 144
Friend: C++ supports a mechanism where a function explicitly declared as a friend function of the class may access the members designated as private or protected. [15] Path-based: Java supports restricting access to a member within a Java package, which is the logical path of the file. However, it is a common practice when extending a Java ...
override (or asymmetric sum): an operation that forms a new trait by adding methods to an existing trait, possibly overriding some of its methods; alias: an operation that creates a new trait by adding a new name for an existing method; exclusion: an operation that forms a new trait by removing a method from an existing trait.