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wpa_supplicant is a free software implementation of an IEEE 802.11i supplicant for Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, QNX, AROS, Microsoft Windows, Solaris, OS/2 (including ArcaOS and eComStation) [2] and Haiku. [3] In addition to being a WPA3 and WPA2 supplicant, it also implements WPA and older wireless LAN security protocols.
A Wireless Supplicant is a program that runs on a computer and is responsible for making login requests to a wireless network. [1] It handles passing the login and encryption credentials to the authentication server. It also handles roaming from one wireless access point to another, in order to maintain connectivity.
The IEEE 802.1X standard [1] uses the term "supplicant" to refer to either hardware or software. In practice, a supplicant is a software application installed on an end-user's computer. The user invokes the supplicant and submits credentials to connect the computer to a secure network. If the authentication succeeds, the authenticator typically ...
Other implementations exist, such as the xsupplicant from the Open1x.org project, and wpa_supplicant. As with other 802.1X and EAP types, dynamic encryption can be used with PEAP. A CA certificate must be used at each client to authenticate the server to each client before the client submits authentication credentials.
The Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) method was developed by Cisco Systems prior to the IEEE ratification of the 802.11i security standard. [3] Cisco distributed the protocol through the CCX (Cisco Certified Extensions) as part of getting 802.1X and dynamic WEP adoption into the industry in the absence of a standard.
The four-way handshake [8] is designed so that the access point (or authenticator) and wireless client (or supplicant) can independently prove to each other that they know the PSK/PMK, without ever disclosing the key. Instead of disclosing the key, the access point (AP) and client encrypt messages to each other—that can only be decrypted by ...
WPA-Personal and WPA2-Personal remain vulnerable to password cracking attacks if users rely on a weak password or passphrase. WPA passphrase hashes are seeded from the SSID name and its length; rainbow tables exist for the top 1,000 network SSIDs and a multitude of common passwords, requiring only a quick lookup to speed up cracking WPA-PSK. [34]
The primary enhancement over WPA is the inclusion of the AES-CCMP algorithm as a mandatory feature. Both WPA and WPA2 support EAP authentication methods using RADIUS servers and preshared key (PSK). The number of WPA and WPA2 networks are increasing, while the number of WEP networks are decreasing, [34] because of the security vulnerabilities ...