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2005 – Program guidelines are expanded to include off-road projects and zero-emission technologies. 2006 – Air districts are allowed to increase administrative expenditures from 2% of program funds to 5% for air districts with more than 1 million inhabitants and to 10% for those with less than 1 million inhabitants.
A Brayton cycle that is driven in reverse uses work to move heat. This makes it a form of gas refrigeration cycle. When air is the working fluid, it is known as the Bell Coleman cycle. [20] It is also used in the LNG industry for subcooling LNG using power from a gas turbine to drive the compressor. [dubious – discuss] [citation needed]
The ERMS was created by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Under the amendments, the Chicago metropolitan area was mandated to reduce ozone forming VOM emissions by 9% every 3 years from 1996 until the area reached attainment. Wishing to reduce emissions without imposing the ...
A convenient source of this heat is the Air Separation Unit (ASU) required for the oxy-fuel combustion regime. When burning natural gas as a fuel, this basic configuration has been modeled to achieve an efficiency up to 60% (LHV) as a power cycle net of all parasitic loads, including the energy-intensive ASU.
It reaches full power in 2 minutes, whereas steam turbines need at least 30 minutes. The prototype generated 10 MW and is approximately 10% the size of a comparable steam turbine. [20] The 10 MW US$155-million Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) pilot plant was completed in 2023 in San Antonio.
The usual compression, cooling and expansion seen in any refrigeration cycle is accomplished in the ACM by a centrifugal compressor, two air-to-air heat exchangers and an expansion turbine. Bleed air from the engines, an auxiliary power unit, or a ground source, which can be in excess of 150 °C and at a pressure of perhaps 32 psi (220 kPa ...
The cooling cycle proceeds in several steps: The gas is compressed, which adds external energy into the gas, to give it what is needed for running through the cycle. Linde's US patent gives an example with the low side pressure of 25 standard atmospheres (370 psi; 25 bar) and high side pressure of 75 standard atmospheres (1,100 psi; 76 bar).
More stringent emission standard, National Standard III, equivalent to Euro III standards, went into effect on 1 July 2007. [32] Plans were for Euro IV standards to take effect in 2010. Beijing introduced the Euro IV standard in advance on 1 January 2008, becoming the first city in mainland China to adopt this standard. [33]