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  2. Four causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_causes

    The efficient or moving cause of a change or movement. This consists of things apart from the thing being changed or moved, which interact so as to be an agency of the change or movement. For example, the efficient cause of a table is a carpenter, or a person working as one, and according to Aristotle the efficient cause of a child is a parent.

  3. Unmoved mover - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmoved_mover

    Final cause and efficient cause [ edit ] Simplicius argues that the first unmoved mover is a cause not only in the sense of being a final cause—which everyone in his day, as in ours, would accept—but also in the sense of being an efficient cause (1360. 24ff.), and his master Ammonius wrote a whole book defending the thesis (ibid. 1363. 8–10).

  4. Principle of sufficient reason - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason

    The modern [1] formulation of the principle is usually ascribed to early Enlightenment philosopher Gottfried Leibniz.Leibniz formulated it, but was not an originator. [2] The idea was conceived of and utilized by various philosophers who preceded him, including Anaximander, [3] Parmenides, Archimedes, [4] Plato and Aristotle, [5] Cicero, [5] Avicenna, [6] Thomas Aquinas, and Spinoza. [7]

  5. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    (c) The source of the first beginning of change or rest; e.g. the man who plans is a cause, and the father is the cause of the child, and in general that which produces is the cause of that which is produced, and that which changes of that which is changed [i.e., the efficient cause].

  6. List of philosophical concepts - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophical_concepts

    Ecotechnics; Ecstasy; Efficient cause; Egocentric presentism; Egoism; Elegance; Embodied cognition; Emergence; Empirical method; Empirical relationship; Empirical ...

  7. Causal closure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_closure

    It attempts to reduce all teleological final (and formal) causes to efficient causes. Goetz and Taliaferro urge that this challenge is unjustified, partly because it would imply that the real cause of arguing for the physical causal closure is neurobiological activity in the brain, not (as we know it is) the purpose-based attempt to understand ...

  8. Nature (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)

    One of the causes of a statue being what it is might be that it is bronze. All meanings of the word nature encompass this simple meaning. The efficient cause is the motion of another thing, which makes a thing change, for example a chisel hitting a rock causes a chip to break off. This is the way which the matter is forming into a form so that ...

  9. Antiochus of Ascalon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon

    Matter receives its diverse, constantly changing forms from the efficient cause. The efficient cause and matter belong together by nature, each of the two is contained in the other. Without matter there can be no efficient cause, as the efficient cause is unthinkable outside of matter, and matter needs the efficient cause that holds it together ...