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Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. [3] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones.
Manganese is a necessary element for biological functions such as photosynthesis, and some manganese oxidizing bacteria utilize this element in anoxic environments. [2] [3] Movement of manganese (Mn) among the global "spheres" (described below) is mediated by both physical and biological processes.
Manganese is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. [8] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones. The soft tissue remainder is concentrated in the liver and kidneys. [9] In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins, most notably glutamine synthetase in astrocytes. [101]
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol. [2] A deficiency of manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing. [3]
In prokaryotes, zinc can function as an antimicrobial, zinc oxide nano-particles can function as an antibacterial or antibiotic. Zinc homeostasis is highly controlled to allow for its benefits without risk of death via its high toxicity. [8] Because of zinc's antibiotic nature, it is often used in many drugs against bacterial infections in humans.
Manganese – Nearly all mitochondria, and many bacteria, contain a form with manganese (Mn-SOD): For example, the Mn-SOD found in human mitochondria. The ligands of the manganese ions are 3 histidine side-chains, an aspartate side-chain and a water molecule or hydroxy ligand, depending on the Mn oxidation state (respectively II and III). [12]
In 2007 his team showed that high intracellular levels of manganese(II) in D. radiodurans protect proteins from being oxidized by radiation, and they proposed the idea that "protein, rather than DNA, is the principal target of the biological action of [ionizing radiation] in sensitive bacteria, and extreme resistance in Mn-accumulating bacteria ...
Certain bacteria species have developed strategies to circumvent that defense, TB causing bacteria can reside within macrophages, which present an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi uses manganese in place of iron. People with increased amounts of iron, as, for example, in hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial ...