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Manganese is an essential human dietary element. It is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. [3] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones.
Manganese is a necessary element for biological functions such as photosynthesis, and some manganese oxidizing bacteria utilize this element in anoxic environments. [2] [3] Movement of manganese (Mn) among the global "spheres" (described below) is mediated by both physical and biological processes.
Manganese sensitivity and intracellular manganese levels significantly increased in bacteria when the mntP (formerly yebN) gene, which encodes the MntP efflux pump, was deleted. While manganese is a highly important trace nutrient for organisms from bacteria to humans, acting as an important element in the defense against oxidative stress and ...
Manganese is an essential human dietary element and is present as a coenzyme in several biological processes, which include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. Manganese is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. [8] The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese, mostly in the bones.
In prokaryotes, zinc can function as an antimicrobial, zinc oxide nano-particles can function as an antibacterial or antibiotic. Zinc homeostasis is highly controlled to allow for its benefits without risk of death via its high toxicity. [8] Because of zinc's antibiotic nature, it is often used in many drugs against bacterial infections in humans.
Manganese – Nearly all mitochondria, and many bacteria, contain a form with manganese (Mn-SOD): For example, the Mn-SOD found in human mitochondria. The ligands of the manganese ions are 3 histidine side-chains, an aspartate side-chain and a water molecule or hydroxy ligand, depending on the Mn oxidation state (respectively II and III). [12]
Mammalian arginase is active as a trimer, but some bacterial arginases are hexameric. [3] The enzyme requires a two-molecule metal cluster of manganese in order to maintain proper function. These Mn 2+ ions coordinate with water, orienting and stabilizing the molecule and allowing water to act as a nucleophile and attack L-arginine, hydrolyzing ...
The most characterized enzyme, from Aspergillus japonicus, requires the presence of copper, [4] and bacterial quercetinases have been discovered that are quite promiscuous (cambialistic) [13] in their requirements of a metal center, with varying degrees of activity reported with substitution of divalent manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel and ...