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Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly.
Suppose that we want to solve the differential equation ′ = (,). The trapezoidal rule is given by the formula + = + ((,) + (+, +)), where = + is the step size. [1]This is an implicit method: the value + appears on both sides of the equation, and to actually calculate it, we have to solve an equation which will usually be nonlinear.
Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to Methods of Their Solution and Some of Their Applications. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-053198-4. Tarasov, V.E. (2010). Fractional Dynamics: Applications of Fractional Calculus to Dynamics of Particles, Fields and Media. Nonlinear ...
If one can evaluate the two integrals, one can find a solution to the differential equation. Observe that this process effectively allows us to treat the derivative as a fraction which can be separated. This allows us to solve separable differential equations more conveniently, as demonstrated in the example below.
The exact solution of the differential equation is () =, so () =. Although the approximation of the Euler method was not very precise in this specific case, particularly due to a large value step size h {\displaystyle h} , its behaviour is qualitatively correct as the figure shows.
For example, consider the ordinary differential equation ′ = + The Euler method for solving this equation uses the finite difference quotient (+) ′ to approximate the differential equation by first substituting it for u'(x) then applying a little algebra (multiplying both sides by h, and then adding u(x) to both sides) to get (+) + (() +).
Among ordinary differential equations, linear differential equations play a prominent role for several reasons. Most elementary and special functions that are encountered in physics and applied mathematics are solutions of linear differential equations (see Holonomic function). When physical phenomena are modeled with non-linear equations, they ...
Nonlinear ones are of particular interest for their commonality in describing real-world systems and how much more difficult they are to solve compared to linear differential equations. This list presents nonlinear ordinary differential equations that have been named, sorted by area of interest.