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English: An analysis of the Raptor 2 full flow stage combustion cycle. Data from Elon Musk and SpaceX were combined with engineering analysis and reasonable assumptions to estimate engine parameters shown on this diagram.
English: Unofficial Combustion Scheme of the Raptor 1 rocket engine. Raptor 1 is a staged combustion, full-flow, methane-fueled rocket engine under development by Space Exploration Technologies Corp, and used for ground testing and in flight-test prototype rockets in 2018-2021.
A NASA employee standing between two Raptor 2 Vacuum engines (background) and a Raptor 2 sea-level (foreground). The streamlined design is due to the reduced parts visible above the engine nozzles. Raptor 2 is a complete redesign of the Raptor 1 engine. [79] The turbomachinery, chamber, nozzle, and electronics were all redesigned.
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The booster would utilize multiple Raptor engines, similar to the use of nine Merlin 1s on each Falcon 9 booster core. [17] The following month, SpaceX confirmed that as of March 2014, all Raptor development work is exclusively on this single very large rocket engine, and that no smaller Raptor engines were in the current development mix. [14]
The first flight test of a full-flow staged-combustion engine occurred on 25 July 2019 when SpaceX flew their Raptor methalox FFSC engine on the Starhopper test rocket, at their South Texas Launch Site. [10] As of January 2025, the Raptor is the only FFSC engine that has flown on a launch vehicle.
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The Raptor engine uses a full-flow staged combustion cycle with oxygen and methane-rich turbopumps. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Before 2014, only two full-flow staged-combustion rocket engine designs had advanced enough to undergo testing: the Soviet RD-270 project in the 1960s and the Aerojet Rocketdyne Integrated Powerhead Demonstrator in the mid-2000s. [ 29 ]