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In number theory, Vieta jumping, also known as root flipping, is a proof technique. It is most often used for problems in which a relation between two integers is given, along with a statement to prove about its solutions. In particular, it can be used to produce new solutions of a quadratic Diophantine equation from known ones.
Vieta's formulas can be proved by considering the equality + + + + = () (which is true since ,, …, are all the roots of this polynomial), expanding the products in the right-hand side, and equating the coefficients of each power of between the two members of the equation.
Quadratic function#Upper bound on the magnitude of the roots; Real-root isolation – Methods for locating real roots of a polynomial; Root-finding of polynomials – Algorithms for finding zeros of polynomials; Square-free polynomial – Polynomial with no repeated root; Vieta's formulas – Relating coefficients and roots of a polynomial
Then they can be divided out and the resulting quadratic equation solved. In general, there exist only four possible cases of quartic equations with multiple roots, which are listed below: [3] Multiplicity-4 (M4): when the general quartic equation can be expressed as () =, for some real number. This case can always be reduced to a biquadratic ...
The formula can be derived as a telescoping product of either the areas or perimeters of nested polygons converging to a circle. Alternatively, repeated use of the half-angle formula from trigonometry leads to a generalized formula, discovered by Leonhard Euler, that has Viète's formula as a special case. Many similar formulas involving nested ...
Each coordinate of the intersection points of two conic sections is a solution of a quartic equation. The same is true for the intersection of a line and a torus.It follows that quartic equations often arise in computational geometry and all related fields such as computer graphics, computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing and optics.
François Viète (French: [fʁɑ̃swa vjɛt]; 1540 – 23 February 1603), known in Latin as Franciscus Vieta, was a French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern algebra, due to his innovative use of letters as parameters in equations.
There are three inequalities between means to prove. There are various methods to prove the inequalities, including mathematical induction, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, Lagrange multipliers, and Jensen's inequality. For several proofs that GM ≤ AM, see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.