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On average, infants have 3-4 bowel movements/day, and toddlers have 2-3 bowel movements per day. At around age 4, children develop an adult-like pattern of bowel movements (1-2 stools/day). The median onset of functional constipation in children is at 2.3 years old, with girls and boys being similarly affected. [2]
2–30% [7] Constipation is a bowel dysfunction that makes bowel movements infrequent or hard to pass. [2] The stool is often hard and dry. [4] Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, and feeling as if one has not completely passed the bowel movement. [3]
Comorbid symptoms like headache may also be present, especially in children. Functional constipation is diagnosed using the Rome criteria, a consensus of experts. The criteria include over 25% of defecations involving straining, 25% resulting in lumpy or hard stools, 25% requiring partial evacuation, 25% experiencing anorectal blockage or ...
1 million a year [2] Undernutrition in children, occurs when children do not consume enough calories, protein, or micronutrients to maintain good health. [3][4] It is common globally and may result in both short and long term irreversible adverse health outcomes. Undernutrition is sometimes used synonymously with malnutrition, however ...
1 mg guanfacine tablets. Guanfacine is FDA-approved as monotherapy or augmentation with stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [3] [16] [17] Unlike stimulant medications, guanfacine is regarded as having no abuse potential, and may even be used to reduce abuse of drugs including nicotine and cocaine. [18]
Encopresis. Encopresis (from Ancient Greek ἐγκόπρησις, enkóprēsis) is voluntary or involuntary passage of feces outside of toilet-trained contexts (fecal soiling) in children who are four years or older and after an organic cause has been excluded. [1] Children with encopresis often leak stool into their undergarments.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine, with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) being the principal types. [3] Crohn's disease affects the small intestine and large intestine, as well as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and the anus, whereas UC primarily affects the colon ...
Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. [3][4] It is administered orally for constipation, and either orally or rectally for hepatic encephalopathy. [3] It generally begins working after 8–12 hours, but may take up to 2 days to improve constipation. [1][2]