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Scanning electron microscope image of fatigue striations produced from constant amplitude loading. The crack is growing from left to right. Striations are marks produced on the fracture surface that show the incremental growth of a fatigue crack. A striation marks the position of the crack tip at the time it was made.
White etching cracks (WEC), or white structure flaking or brittle flaking, is a type of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage that can occur in bearing steels under certain conditions, such as hydrogen embrittlement, high stress, inadequate lubrication, and high temperature. WEC is characterised by the presence of white areas of microstructural ...
Fatigue has traditionally been associated with the failure of metal components which led to the term metal fatigue. In the nineteenth century, the sudden failing of metal railway axles was thought to be caused by the metal crystallising because of the brittle appearance of the fracture surface, but this has since been disproved. [ 1 ]
It is the result of the process of fatigue due to rolling/sliding contact. [2] [3] The RCF process begins with cyclic loading of the material, which results in fatigue damage that can be observed in crack-like flaws, like white etching cracks. [2] These flaws can grow into larger cracks under further loading, potentially leading to fractures ...
PSB structure (adopted from [7]). Persistent slip-bands (PSBs) are associated with strain localisation due to fatigue in metals and cracking on the same plane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD [8]) simulation were used to reveal and understand dislocations type and arrangement/patterns to relate it to the sub-surface structure.
mild steel cracks in the presence of alkali (e.g. boiler cracking and caustic stress corrosion cracking) and nitrates; copper alloys crack in ammoniacal solutions (season cracking); high-tensile steels have been known to crack in an unexpectedly brittle manner in a whole variety of aqueous environments, especially when chlorides are present.
In true corrosion fatigue, the fatigue-crack-growth rate is enhanced by corrosion; this effect is seen in all three regions of the fatigue-crack growth-rate diagram. The diagram on the left is a schematic of crack-growth rate under true corrosion fatigue; the curve shifts to a lower stress-intensity-factor range in the corrosive environment.
A crack arrestor (otherwise known as a rip-stop doubler) is a structural engineering device. Being typically shaped into ring or strip, and composed of a strong material, it serves to contain stress corrosion cracking or fatigue cracking, helping to prevent the catastrophic failure of a device.