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Estimates of the number of deaths attributable to the Soviet revolutionary and dictator Joseph Stalin vary widely. [1] The scholarly consensus affirms that archival materials declassified in 1991 contain irrefutable data far superior to sources used prior to 1991, such as statements from emigres and other informants.
The death rate of German soldiers held by Soviet Union has been estimated at 15% by Mark Edele, [31] and at 35.8% by Niall Ferguson. [35] An even higher estimate of death rate has been suggested for the Italian soldiers held by the Soviet Union: 79% (estimate by Thomas Schlemmer ) [36]: 153 or 56.5%.
The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953." [104] Certificates of death in the Gulag system for the period from 1930 to 1956 [105]
At about the same time a mass grave from the Stalin period was discovered at the other end of the country in Vladivostok. [3] These and later mass graves in the Soviet Union were used to conceal the large numbers of Soviet citizens and foreigners executed by the Bolshevik regime under Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. [4]
Anne Applebaum cites Russian sources that put the Gulag death toll from 1941 to 1945 at 932,000. [27] Deportation of ethnic minorities. Russian sources put the death toll at 309,000. [28] War-related deaths of those born during war – according to Andreev, Darski and Kharkova (ADK), there was an increase in infant mortality of 1.3 million. [3]
The exile lasted for 13 years and the survivors would not return to their native lands until 1957, after the new Soviet authorities under Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Stalin's policies, including the deportations of nations. A local report indicated that some 432,000 Vainakhs had resettled to the Chechen-Ingush ASSR by 1961, though they ...
The Battle of the Seelow Heights, fought over four days from 16 until 19 April, was one of the last pitched battles of World War II: almost one million Red Army soldiers and more than 20,000 tanks and artillery pieces were deployed to break through the "Gates to Berlin", which were defended by about 100,000 German soldiers and 1,200 tanks and guns.
There were more than 200,000 people sentenced under this law and the penalty for it was often death. [16] According to researcher I.V. Pykhalov, 3.5% of those sentenced under the law of Spikelets were executed, 60.3% of the sentenced received a 10-year gulag sentence, while 36.2% were sentenced to less than 10 years.