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A space is an absolute neighborhood retract for the class , written (), if is in and whenever is a closed subset of a space in , is a neighborhood retract of . Various classes C {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}} such as normal spaces have been considered in this definition, but the class M {\displaystyle {\mathcal {M}}} of metrizable spaces ...
The concept in topology was defined by Karol Borsuk in 1931. [ 2 ] Borsuk's student, Samuel Eilenberg , was with Saunders Mac Lane the founder of category theory, and (as the earliest publications on category theory concerned various topological spaces) one might have expected this term to have initially be used.
Karol Borsuk (8 May 1905 – 24 January 1982) was a Polish mathematician. His main area of interest was topology . He made significant contributions to shape theory , a term which he coined.
In mathematics, the Bing–Borsuk conjecture states that every -dimensional homogeneous absolute neighborhood retract space is a topological manifold. The conjecture has been proved for dimensions 1 and 2, and it is known that the 3-dimensional version of the conjecture implies the Poincaré conjecture .
Shape theory is a branch of topology that provides a more global view of the topological spaces than homotopy theory. The two coincide on compacta dominated homotopically by finite polyhedra . Shape theory associates with the Čech homology theory while homotopy theory associates with the singular homology theory.
[7] For all n for fields of revolution — shown by Boris Dekster (1995). [8] The problem was finally solved in 1993 by Jeff Kahn and Gil Kalai, who showed that the general answer to Borsuk's question is no. [9] They claim that their construction shows that n + 1 pieces do not suffice for n = 1325 and for each n > 2014.
The following is known about retracts: A subgroup is a retract if and only if it has a normal complement. [4] The normal complement, specifically, is the kernel of the retraction. Every direct factor is a retract. [1] Conversely, any retract which is a normal subgroup is a direct factor. [5] Every retract has the congruence extension property.
Model categories can provide a natural setting for homotopy theory: the category of topological spaces is a model category, with the homotopy corresponding to the usual theory. Similarly, objects that are thought of as spaces often admit a model category structure, such as the category of simplicial sets .