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The example locomotive is a simple, non-compound, type with two outside cylinders and valve gear, coupled driving wheels and a separate tender. Only basic balancing is covered with no mention of the effects of different cylinder arrangements, crank angles, etc. since balancing methods for three- and four-cylinder locomotives can be complicated ...
The counter balance shafts have eccentric weights and rotate in opposite direction to each other, which generates a net vertical force. The balance shaft was invented and patented by British engineer Frederick W. Lanchester in 1907. [1] [2] It is most commonly used in inline-four and V6 engines used in automobiles and motorcycles.
An automatic control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs: Valve actuator – which moves the valve's modulating element, such as ball or butterfly. Valve positioner – which ensures the valve has reached the desired degree of opening. This overcomes the problems of friction and wear.
Stiffer valve springs can help prevent valve float and valve bounce but at the expense of increased friction losses, higher stresses, and more rapid wear in the valvetrain. Various techniques have been used to offset the effect of stiffer springs, such as dual-spring and progressive-sprung valves, roller-tipped tappets, and pneumatic valve ...
Traditional control valves make it inevitable. As we size a control valve, the K v calculated almost certainly will not match the K v of the nearest appropriate valve. For example, a K v calculation of 4.5 m 3 /h would most likely lead to the selection of a valve with a K v = 6.3 m 3 /h. This means the valve is capable of delivering 40% more ...
Partial stroke testing (or PST) is a technique used in a control system to allow the user to test a percentage of the possible failure modes of a shut down valve without the need to physically close the valve. PST is used to assist in determining that the safety function will operate on demand.
The word poppet shares etymology with "puppet": it is from the Middle English popet ("youth" or "doll"), from Middle French poupette, which is a diminutive of poupée.The use of the word poppet to describe a valve comes from the same word applied to marionettes, which, like the poppet valve, move bodily in response to remote motion transmitted linearly.
Control valves are normally fitted with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and diaphragm valves are widely used for control purposes in many industries, although quarter-turn types such as (modified) ball and butterfly valves are also used. Control valves can also work with hydraulic actuators (also known as ...