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1983: Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction, a key discovery in molecular biology; 1986: Karl Müller and Johannes Bednorz: Discovery of High-temperature superconductivity; 1988: Bart van Wees and colleagues at TU Delft and Philips Research discovered the quantized conductance in a two-dimensional electron gas.
This discovery was critical to the formulation of the Watson-Crick Model of DNA structure. Neil Bartlett mixes xenon and platinum hexafluoride leading to the first synthesis of a noble gas compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate (1962). Robert Burns Woodward announces the total synthesis of Vitamin B-12 by a team he led (1973).
Such discoveries are often a multi-step, multi-person process. Multiple discovery sometimes occurs when multiple research groups discover the same phenomenon at about the same time, and scientific priority is often disputed. The listings below include some of the most significant people and ideas by date of publication or experiment.
Merton contrasted a "multiple" with a "singleton"—a discovery that has been made uniquely by a single scientist or group of scientists working together. [5] The distinction may blur as science becomes increasingly collaborative. [6] A distinction is drawn between a discovery and an invention, as discussed for example by Bolesław Prus. [7]
The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, during which there many human-like species evolved including toward the end of this period, Homo sapiens.The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being ...
An image from John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy, the first modern explanation of atomic theory.. This timeline of chemistry lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed humanity's understanding of the modern science known as chemistry, defined as the scientific study of the composition of matter and of its interactions.
This category contains lists on inventions and discoveries, whether organised by nationality, religion, subject matter, organization or individual. See also: Category:Astronomical discoveries by institution , Category:Discoveries by astronomer , Category:Discoverers , Category:Science and technology by location , Category:Inventions by country ...
The many discoveries of this nature earned Gilbert the title founder of the electrical science. [105] By investigating the forces on a light metallic needle, balanced on a point, he extended the list of electric bodies and found that many substances, including metals and natural magnets, showed no attractive forces when rubbed.
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