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  2. Gandhara (svara) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara_(svara)

    The following is the information about Gandhara and its importance in Indian classical music : Gandhara is the third svara in an octave or Saptak. Gandhara is the immediate next svara of Rishabh (Re). The svara of Gandhara is Komal and Shuddha. It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other 6 svaras are produced.

  3. Gandhara - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhara

    Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan [1] civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. [2] [3] [4] The core of the region of Gandhara was the Peshawar and Swat valleys extending as far east as the Pothohar Plateau in Punjab, though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended westwards into the Kabul valley in Afghanistan, and ...

  4. Gandhari language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhari_language

    Gāndhārī was an Indo-Aryan Prakrit language found mainly in texts dated between the 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE in the region of Gandhāra, located in the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The language was heavily used by the former Buddhist cultures of Central Asia and has been found as far away as eastern China, in inscriptions at ...

  5. Svara - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svara

    Swara (Sanskrit: स्वर) or svara [1] is an Indian classical music term that connotes simultaneously a breath, a vowel, a note, the sound of a musical note corresponding to its name, and the successive steps of the octave, or saptanka.

  6. Kharosthi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharosthi

    𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 (2+4+10+20+20+20+20) + 𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆 100x(1+4+4) + 𐩇 1000 𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩅𐩄𐩃𐩁 𐩃𐩃𐩀𐩆 𐩇 (2+4+10+20+20+20+20) + 100x(1+4+4) + 1000 Unicode Main article: Kharoshthi (Unicode block) Kharosthi was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2005 with the release of version 4.1. The Unicode block for Kharosthi is U+10A00–U+10A5F: Kharoshthi ...

  7. Phonological history of Hindustani - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of...

    Old Hindi kũbhāra > Hindustani kumhār "potter", with regional variant kũbhār; Old Hindi ā̃ba > Hindustani ām "mango", with regional variant ā̃b (compare Marathi āmbā, where this sound change never occurred) Old Hindi sãbhālanā > Hindustani sãbhālnā, with the pronunciation-spelling variant samhālnā

  8. Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu

    This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.

  9. Hindustani phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_phonology

    Hindustani does not distinguish between [v] and [w], specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but conditional allophones of the phoneme /ʋ/ in Hindustani (written व in Hindi or و in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as [v] and when it is pronounced as [w].