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It is produced during the breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and is used in the synthesis of many other biomolecules, including cholesterol, fatty acids, and ketone bodies. Acetyl-CoA is also a key molecule in the citric acid cycle , which is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and is ...
Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the charged ammonium group, acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes. . Because of this, when the molecule is introduced externally, it remains in the extracellular space and at present it is considered that the molecule does not pass through the blood–brain
Choline is a direct precursor of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter of the central and peripheral nervous system that regulates a variety of autonomic, cognitive, and motor functions. SLC5A7 is a Na(+)- and Cl(-)- dependent high-affinity transporter that mediates the uptake of choline for acetylcholine synthesis in cholinergic neurons. [5] [6]
The hypothesis states that a possible cause of AD is the reduced synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in both memory and learning, two important components of AD. Many current drug therapies for AD are centered on the cholinergic hypothesis, although not all have been effective.
Choline acetyltransferase was first described by David Nachmansohn and A. L. Machado in 1943. [6] A German biochemist, Nachmansohn had been studying the process of nerve impulse conduction and utilization of energy-yielding chemical reactions in cells, expanding upon the works of Nobel laureates Otto Warburg and Otto Meyerhof on fermentation, glycolysis, and muscle contraction.
Acetylcholine is even present in the placenta and may help control cell proliferation and differentiation (increases in cell number and changes of multiuse cells into dedicated cellular functions) and parturition. [40] [41] Choline uptake into the brain is controlled by a low-affinity transporter located at the blood–brain barrier. [42]
The fate of internalized choline depends on the cell type. In pre-synaptic neurons the majority of choline will be acetylated by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase to form the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Most other cells will phosphorylate choline by the enzyme choline kinase, the first committed step of CDP-choline pathway.
A cholinergic neuron is a nerve cell which mainly uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to send its messages. Many neurological systems are cholinergic.Cholinergic neurons provide the primary source of acetylcholine to the cerebral cortex, and promote cortical activation during both wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep. [1]