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When an application requests higher privileges or when a user selects a "Run as administrator" option, UAC will prompt standard users to enter the credentials of an Administrator account and prompt Administrators for confirmation and, if consent is given, continue or start the process using an unrestricted token.
Included with Windows Vista and later Microsoft Windows operating systems, UAC prompts the user for authorization when an application tries to perform an administrator task. [1] Runas: A command-line tool and context-menu verb introduced with Windows 2000 that allows running a program, control panel applet, or a MMC snap-in as a different user. [2]
The initial version of cmd.exe for Windows NT was developed by Therese Stowell. [6] Windows CE 2.11 was the first embedded Windows release to support a console and a Windows CE version of cmd.exe. [7] The ReactOS implementation of cmd.exe is derived from FreeCOM, the FreeDOS command line interpreter. [2]
A privilege is applied for by either an executed program issuing a request for advanced privileges, or by running some program to apply for the additional privileges. An example of a user applying for additional privileges is provided by the sudo command to run a command as superuser ( root ) user, or by the Kerberos authentication system.
It can be worked around by starting cmd.exe with Run as administrator option or the runas command. Starting with Windows 10 Insiders build 14972 the requirement for elevated administrator privileges was removed in Windows "Developer Mode", allowing symlinks to be created without needing to elevate the console as administrator.
In computer systems, an access token contains the security credentials for a login session and identifies the user, the user's groups, the user's privileges, and, in some cases, a particular application. In some instances, one may be asked to enter an access token (e.g. 40 random characters) rather than the usual password (it therefore should ...
The arrow represents a rootkit gaining access to the kernel, and the little gate represents normal privilege elevation, where the user has to enter an Administrator username and password. Privilege escalation is the act of exploiting a bug , a design flaw , or a configuration oversight in an operating system or software application to gain ...
Other command line options include a VBScript or JScript together with CScript, WMI or WMIC.exe and Windows PowerShell. Registry permissions can be manipulated through the command line using RegIni.exe and the SubInACL.exe tool. For example, the permissions on the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE key can be displayed using: