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Restrictive lung diseases are a category of extrapulmonary, pleural, or parenchymal respiratory diseases that restrict lung expansion, [2] resulting in a decreased lung volume, an increased work of breathing, and inadequate ventilation and/or oxygenation. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity.
On spirometry, as a restrictive lung disease, both the FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) are reduced so the FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or even increased, in contrast to obstructive lung disease, where this ratio is reduced. The values for residual volume and total lung capacity are generally decreased in ...
Signs of the underlying disease causing the fibrothorax are also occasionally seen on the X-ray. [6] A CT scan may show features similar to those seen on a plain X-ray. [ 7 ] Lung function testing typically demonstrates findings consistent with restrictive lung disease .
It is a type of interstitial lung disease. [3] People often benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen. [1] Certain medications like pirfenidone (Esbriet) or nintedanib (Ofev) may slow the progression of the disease. [2] Lung transplantation may also be an option. [1] About 5 million people are affected globally. [8]
In combination with other physiological measurements, the vital capacity can help make a diagnosis of underlying lung disease. Furthermore, the vital capacity is used to determine the severity of respiratory muscle involvement in neuromuscular disease, and can guide treatment decisions in Guillain–Barré syndrome and myasthenic crisis.
Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange. It is usually unilateral, affecting part or all of one lung. [2] It is a condition where the alveoli are deflated down to little or no volume, as distinct from pulmonary consolidation, in which they are filled with liquid.
While patchy bilateral disease is typical, there are unusual variants of organizing pneumonia where it may appear as multiple nodules or masses. One rare presentation, focal organizing pneumonia, may be indistinguishable from lung cancer based on imaging alone, requiring biopsy or surgical resection to make the diagnosis. [20]
Alcoholic lung disease; Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; Alveolar capillary dysplasia; Alveolar lung disease; Antisynthetase syndrome; Asbestosis; Aspergilloma; Atelectotrauma; Atypical pulmonary carcinoid tumour
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