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A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union , which would have, in addition, a customs union and a single market ).
The euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world. Since 1999, 20 EU states use the euro as official currency in a currency union. The remaining 7 states continue to use their own currency with the possibility to join the euro later. The euro is the most widely used currency in the EU.
Bridgetown Bucks from PDX Currency Corp, Portland (Inactive) Cascadia Hour Exchange (1993) Portland [12] Columbia Community Exchange, Columbia County; Gorge Local Currency Cooperative, Hood River; Jefferson Rounds, Coos, Curry, Douglas, Klamath, Lake, Jackson, and Josephine counties; HOUR Exchange, [13] Corvallis; PDX Timebank, [14] Portland
A state in a monetary union cannot use weakening of currency to recover its international competitiveness. To achieve this a state has to reduce prices, including wages ( deflation ). This could result in high unemployment and lower incomes as it was during the European sovereign-debt crisis .
The main prewar agricultural products of the Confederate States were cotton, tobacco, and sugarcane, with hogs, cattle, grain and vegetable plots. Pre-war agricultural production estimated for the Southern states is as follows (Union states in parentheses for comparison): 1.7 million horses (3.4 million), 800,000 mules (100,000), 2.7 million dairy cows (5 million), 5 million sheep (14 million ...
The Engraver's Line – An Encyclopedia of Paper Money & Postage Stamp Art. BNR Press. ISBN 978-0-931960-36-9. Matthews, James M. (1862). Public Laws of the Confederate States of America Passed at the First-Fourth Sessions of the Second Congress. Yeoman, R. S. (June 1, 2004). A Guide Book of United States Coins. ISBN 978-0-7948-1790-9.
In 1854, Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie proposed creating $100, $50, and $25 gold coins, to be referred to as a union, half union, and quarter union, respectively, [21] thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100. However, no such coins were ever struck, and only patterns for the $50 half union exist.
This is a list of U.S. states and territories by gross domestic product (GDP). This article presents the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia and their nominal GDP at current prices. The data source for the list is the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) in 2024. The BEA defined GDP by state as "the sum of value added from all industries ...