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A Sudoku starts with some cells containing numbers (clues), and the goal is to solve the remaining cells. Proper Sudokus have one solution. [1] Players and investigators use a wide range of computer algorithms to solve Sudokus, study their properties, and make new puzzles, including Sudokus with interesting symmetries and other properties.
The general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n 2 ×n 2 grids of n×n blocks is known to be NP-complete. [ 8 ] A puzzle can be expressed as a graph coloring problem. [ 9 ]
The general problem of solving Sudoku puzzles on n 2 ×n 2 grids of n×n blocks is known to be NP-complete. [30] Many Sudoku solving algorithms , such as brute force -backtracking and dancing links can solve most 9×9 puzzles efficiently, but combinatorial explosion occurs as n increases, creating practical limits to the properties of Sudokus ...
Each row, column, or block of the Sudoku puzzle forms a clique in the Sudoku graph, whose size equals the number of symbols used to solve the puzzle. A graph coloring of the Sudoku graph using this number of colors (the minimum possible number of colors for this graph) can be interpreted as a solution to the puzzle.
Killer sudoku (also killer su doku, sumdoku, sum doku, sumoku, addoku, or samunamupure) is a puzzle that combines elements of sudoku and kakuro. Despite the name, the simpler killer sudokus can be easier to solve than regular sudokus, depending on the solver's skill at mental arithmetic ; the hardest ones, however, can take hours to solve.
The constraints of Sudoku codes are non-linear: all symbols within a constraint (row, line, sub-grid) must be different from any other symbol within this constraint. Hence there is no all-zero codeword in Sudoku codes. Sudoku codes can be represented by probabilistic graphical model in which they take the form of a low-density parity-check code ...
[4] [5] [7] In MAA Reviews (a publication of the Mathematical Association of America), reviewer Mark Hunacek called it called it "a delightful book which I thoroughly enjoyed reading" and said "a person with very limited background in mathematics, or a person without much experience solving Sudoku puzzles, could still find something of interest ...
Backtracking is an important tool for solving constraint satisfaction problems, [2] such as crosswords, verbal arithmetic, Sudoku, and many other puzzles. It is often the most convenient technique for parsing, [3] for the knapsack problem and other combinatorial optimization problems.