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The International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) is a detailed hierarchical classification of all headache-related disorders published by the International Headache Society. [1]
Headache, also known as cephalalgia, is the symptom of pain in the face, head, or neck.It can occur as a migraine, tension-type headache, or cluster headache. [1] [2] There is an increased risk of depression in those with severe headaches.
The CYP27A1 gene encodes for the mitochondrial enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase, which is in charge of bile acid production. Because of this enzyme's mutation, chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid are reduced, which increases the synthesis of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, the precursor to cholestanol.
The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic pathway (so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the PAG, in the mesencephalon or midbrain). This region has been used as the target for brain-stimulating implants in patients with chronic pain.
The spinothalamic tract is a nerve tract in the anterolateral system in the spinal cord. [1] This tract is an ascending sensory pathway to the thalamus.From the ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus, sensory information is relayed upward to the somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control. [1] Each pathway is a set of projection neurons, consisting of individual dopaminergic neurons.
The direct pathway, sometimes known as the direct pathway of movement, is a neural pathway within the central nervous system (CNS) through the basal ganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement. [1]
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates the innate immune response to injury, pathogens, and tissue ischemia. It is the efferent, or motor arm of the inflammatory reflex , the neural circuit that responds to and regulates the inflammatory response.