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Terms associated with right-doing in Islam include: Akhlaq (Arabic: أخلاق) is the practice of virtue, morality and manners in Islamic theology and falsafah ().The science of ethics (`Ilm al-Akhlaq) teaches that through practice and conscious effort man can surpass their natural dispositions and natural state to become more ethical and well mannered.
Islamic modernism is a movement that has been described as "the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge", [Note 1] attempting to reconcile the Islamic faith with values perceived as modern such as democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality, and progress. [2]
For modern Westerners, who have been raised on ideals of universality and egalitarianism, this relativity of values and obligations is the aspect of Hinduism most difficult to understand." [ 17 ] According to Stephen Gaukroger : "It was generally assumed in the 17th century that religion provided the unique basis for morality, and that without ...
Sociologist Robert N. Bellah (Beyond Belief) argues that Islam in its 7th-century origins was, for its time and place, "remarkably modern...in the high degree of commitment, involvement, and participation expected from the rank-and-file members of the community". This because, he argues, that Islam emphasized the equality of all Muslims.
The establishment of Islam brought a great transformation in the society, moral order of life, world view, and the hierarchy of values in the Arabian Peninsula. The division of Arabs into varying tribes (based upon blood and kinship), was confronted by the ideal of a unified community, an " ummah ", based upon Islamic piety .
The Institute for Islamic and Social Studies (Indonesian: Lembaga Kajian Islam dan Sosial, LKiS), is an Indonesian non-governmental organization that was founded on September 3, 1993, in Yogyakarta. [1] The institute stimulates intellectual debate on a grassroots level. [2]
Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. [1] A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life that is simply satisfying, which is held by many philosophers to be more important than traditional moral conduct.
Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism or universal morality) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics applies universally. That system is inclusive of all individuals, [ 7 ] regardless of culture , race , sex , religion , nationality , sexual orientation , or any other distinguishing feature. [ 8 ]