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A mature female big-cone pine (Pinus coulteri) cone, the heaviest pine cone A young female cone on a Norway spruce (Picea abies) Immature male cones of Swiss pine (Pinus cembra) A conifer cone, or in formal botanical usage a strobilus, pl.: strobili, is a seed-bearing organ on gymnosperm plants, especially in conifers and cycads.
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The trees are mostly dioecious, with male and female cones found on separate trees, [4] though occasional individuals are monoecious or change sex with time. [5] The female cones, usually high on the top of the tree, are globose , and vary in size among species from 7 to 25 centimetres (3 to 10 in) in diameter.
The female cone then opens, releasing the seeds which grow to a young seedling. To fertilize the ovum, the male cone releases pollen that is carried in the wind to the female cone. This is pollination. (Male and female cones usually occur on the same plant.) The pollen fertilizes the female gamete (located in the female cone).
The male (pollen) cones are oblong and cucumber-shaped, 4 cm (1 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long at first, expanding to 8–12 cm (3– 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long by 5–6 cm (2– 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) broad at pollen release. It is wind pollinated. The female (seed) cones, which mature in autumn about 18 months after pollination, are globose, large, 12–20 cm (4 + 1 ...
The female (seed) cones mature in about 20 months from pollination; when mature, they are yellow-brown in color, 15–25 cm (6– 9 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) long, and 5–7 cm (2– 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) broad, opening to 12 cm (4 + 3 ⁄ 4 in), and have a small, but sharp, downward-pointing spine on the middle of each scale.
It is usually monoecious with male and female cones on the same tree; the pollen cones are long and slender, up to 20 cm (8 in) long and 1 cm (3 ⁄ 8 in) broad; the seed cones are oval, up to 25 cm (10 in) long and 14–16 cm (5 + 1 ⁄ 2 – 6 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) broad.
Female cones of C. equisetifolia. Casuarina, also known as she-oak, Australian pine [3] [4] [5] and native pine, [6] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae, and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa.